Major Tree Species:

beech, yellow buckeye, cucumber magnolia, white and American basswood, yellow poplar, sugar maple, white oak, Eastern hemlock, plus numerous associates (silverbell, black cherry, red oak, etc.)

In Vermont:

Northern Hardwoods: Major "climax" species are sugar maple, beech, yellow birch. Associated species include: hemlock, basswood, red oak, black cherry, white ash, etc.

Bottomland Species: Include boxelder, green ash, black willow, Eastern cottonwood, American elm.

High Elevation (Boreal) Species: Includes red spruce, balsam fir, heart-leaf paper birch.

Oak-Hickory Forest: Extends out in all directions from the cove forests, except northward. The area included much of the Piedmont plateau and Atlantic Gulf Coastal Plains and forms a northern arc to Minnesota.

- Climax species varies depending upon site:

- Post oak and blackjack oak are climax on dry sites, with hickory, overcup oak, willow oak, etc. on moister sites. Bur oak is dominant in the Savannah-like transition to grasslands from Texas to Minnesota.

- Because of considerable abandoned farmland, there are several old-field species including: Virginia pine in the north, and shortleaf and loblolly pines on upland sites in the south. On lowland sites, early-successional species include sweetgum, yellow poplar, sycamore, river birch, red maple, elm and hackberry.

- Fire maintained pines - Primarily pitch pine in the north and loblolly, slash, and longleaf pines in the more southern states.

- Several undrained sites include:

1. pocosins and bays - sweetbay magnolia, red bay, etc.
2. flooded swamps - bald cypress, water tupelo
3. peat bogs - Atlantic whitecedar