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Proceedings of the 4th Asia Pacific Conference of Entomology; 14-17 August 2001. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Effects of Morphological and Agronomic Characteristics of Wheat Cultivars on Resistance to Sunn Pest (Eurygaster integriceps Put.).
Integrated Pest Management of Sunn Pest in West Asia
Progress in Syria (2002)Integrated Sunn Pest Management in West Asia: Socioeconomic Studies in Turkey
Effects of Morphological and Agronomic Characteristics of Wheat Cultivars on Resistance to Sunn Pest (Eurygaster integriceps Put.).
1Rezabelgi, M., 2Nouri Ganbalani, G., 1Radjabi, G., 1Abdollahi, G.A.,3Heydari, R.
1 Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
2College of Agriculture, University of Mohageg-e-Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
3College of Science, Ormia University, Ormia, IranIdentifications of the plant characteristics responsible to the host plants resistance have a fundamental importance in any host plant resistance program. Therefore, during the studies carried out in 1995-98 to evaluate the resistance to Sunn Pest in 12 wheat cultivars, the correlation between some morphological and agronomic characteristics of the cultivars with resistance indices was studied. According to these analyses, indices of resistance have direct correlation with leaf color shades, diameter and thickness of stem, thickness of glum, yield, number of grain per spike, and weight of grain per spike. The coefficients of correlation were 0.67, 0.74, 0.69, 0.60, 0.64, and 0.52 respectively. There was a negative correlation between indices of resistance and height of plants and weight of 1000 grain. The coefficients of correlation were -0.80 and -0.64 respectively. All these factors showed significant correlation in yield production. No significant correlations were found between resistance and grain coverage by glumes, density of plants, ear length and the grain hardness. Some characteristics such as, spikelets density on the rachis, leaf pubescence and earliness of crop were only correlated with one of the indices of resistance. Two phonograms that computed according to indices of resistance and morphological characteristics showed close similarity. Based on these results, it may be suggested that some morphological characteristics may be used to evaluate the cultivars in breeding programs. Multiple regression equations were computed for these characteristics, which can be used to predict the indices of resistance in wheat cultivars, based on morphologic and agronomic characters of the wheat cultivars.
Host preference, the percentage of damage and fecundity of Sunn Pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Het. Scutelleridae) to 25 wheat varieties under greenhouse conditions.
1M. Rezabeigi, 2M. Esmaili, and 3G.R. Rajabi
1 Agric Research Center of Kermanshah
2 Dept.of Plant Protection College of Agric, Univ of Tehran
3 Plant Pests and Diseases Res. Institute, Tehran, Iran
In order to evaluate resistance properties of 25 wheat varieties under greenhouse conditions: morphological and biochemical characters of host plants and extension of damage caused by Sunn Pest collected from Varamin (Tehran Province) and Kermanshah (Kermashah Province) were compared for two years (1994-1995).
The results obtained can be summarized as follows:
1. There are significant differences among Varamin and Kermashah populations of Eurygaster both in size and body weight and their extension of damage to wheat varieties. Overwintered Sunn Pest of Kermanshah population caused more damage and laid more eggs compared to those of Varamin.
2. As a whole, wheat varieties of Baiat, Azadi, Gholestan, Karadj and Navid were the most resistant and Rashid, Altar, Sardari, Inia, Zardak, Tabasi and Omid seems more susceptible respectively.
3. There are significant differences among wheat varieties in response to overwintered adults compared with nymphs and newly emerged adults.
Study of the synchronism of Sunn Pest (Eurygaster integriceps Puton) life span and phenological stages of wheat and barley.
The synchronism of Sunn Pest life span and phenological stages of wheat and barley was evaluated in experimental fields in Varmin for two years (1996-1997).
M. Rezabeigi
Dept. of Sunn Pest, Plant Pests and Disease Research Institute, Tehrean, Iran.
Results are as follows:
1. In barley Sunn Pest growth stages were completed 7-10 days earlier than in wheat fields. 2. In barley 75% of the pest individuals completed their life cycles at the time of harvesting but, at the same time wheat fields were at the waxy stage and only 27% of the individuals had completeed their life cycles. 3. At harvest the weight of males and females was found to be significantly higher in wheat than in barley. 4. Based on these investigations the earliness of barley was not significantly effective in the reduction of Sunn Pest populations.
From: Proc. 13th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. Vol. 1 - Pests. 23-27August1998.
Integrated Pest Management of Sunn Pest in West Asia
Progress in Syria (2002)
Mohammed Abdulhai
Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform
Agricultural Research Center
Aleppo, SyriaProject activities in the last season:
1.Survey of adults, nymphs of Sunn Pest, and egg parasitoids.
2.Determine the role of egg parasitoids in suppressing Sunn Pest
populations in the field.
3.FFS Workshop 27-28 May 2002.
4.Socioeconomic studies.
5.Training.1. Survey of adults, nymphs of Sunn Pest and egg parasitoids.
Survey of adults, nymphs of Sunn Pest, and egg parasitoids was made at three provinces: Aleppo, Idlib and Al Hasakah. Sampling was made at each province to sample the whole area. In each province three sampling fields of one ha were chosen, and sampling started when the first eggs were seen and continued once a week until harvest. The sampling unit was divided into 5-subunits. 5 of ¼ m2 frames were thrown in each subunit and the eggs (parasited and nonparasited), nymphs, and adults of Sunn Pest were counted and recorded. Each egg mass was placed in a separate tube (plastic capsule) and recorded for each subunit.
Results of the survey
• Migration of overwintered adults of Sunn Pest from mountains to fields started at the first week of April and continued to the third week of May.
• Density of adults ranged from 2.2-3 adults/m2, and 8-11 nymphs/m2 .
• Parasitism by egg parasitoids of Sunn Pest started 1-2 weeks after the first eggs were seen and ranged from 0-29%.
• The parasitoids from each parasited egg mass were prepared and sent to Prof. M. Doganlar at Mustafa Kamal University for identification.2. Determine the role of egg parasitoids in suppressing Sunn Pest populations in the field.
Different Sunn pest adult densities (2, 4, 6) and parasitoids (0, 1, 2, 3/m²) were tested at Azaz. Results of this study showed that up to 4 adult Sunn pest /m², 1 female parasitoid reduced significantly Sunn pest populations (80% egg parasitism).
3. FFS Workshop 27-28 May 2002
• Farmer Field School workshop in Syria was held in ICARDA on 27-28 May 2002. The workshop was attended by extension specialists and researchers from various plant protection organizations.
• The workshop module consisted of a few formal presentations and various participatory activities such as group dynamics to learn about adults or non- formal education, group work and plenary discussion sessions using visualization techniques focused on cereal production and farmers' problems and needs.
• During the workshop various opportunities were discussed for establishing farmer participatory training such as Farmer Field School and/or farmer participatory research at Sunn Pest IPM pilot sites in two districts in the country.FFS Pilot sites
• As a result of the FFS workshop, it was proposed that farmer participatory research will be initiated at the two pilot sites (one in an irrigated area and another in a rain fed area). The goal is to develop tailor-made curricula for cereal IPM Farmer Field Schools in follow up seasons.
• It was also proposed that local repeat workshops would be organized before the start of the next season by the National IPM project coordinators at the two identified pilot sites in each country.
• Syria action plans in pilot sites will include the following subjects: planting date, crop rotation, weed control, early maturing varieties, entomopathogenic fungi, monitoring of Sunn Pest and its parasitoids.4. Socioeconomic studies
• Baseline data were collected to revise and improve the economic threshold.
• The cost of insecticide applications in three districts were obtained for the ground sprayers and aircrafts, and the total cost in each province was counted.
• The Syrian socioeconomist, Mr. H. Haj Hammoud, (in cooperation with ICARDA and NARS socioeconomists) developed three questionnaires. These questionnaires were answered by:
1. Plant Protection Departments of universities, Plant Protection research institutions, Extension Services and Agricultural directorates.
2. Agricultural Chambers, Agricultural cooperatives.
3. Wheat Marketing centers.5. Training
Two trainees from GCSAR and Aleppo Univ. were identified for a 45- day training course on entomopathogenic fungi of Sunn Pest at ICARDA during 4/2-20/3/2002. They learned technical information and did many experiments on promising isolates of entomopathogenic fungi in the laboratories, green house, field, and overwintering sites, under advisory of Professor Margaret Skinner and Mr. William Reid of the University of Vermont.
Action plan for the next season in Syria
The action plan for the next season will include:
• Continuation the survey of adults, nymphs of Sunn Pest and egg parasitoids.
• Repeat the experiment to determine the role of egg parasitoids in suppressing Sunn Pest populations in the field.
• Survey of adult parasitoids of Sunn Pest in overwintering sites and wheat fields.
• Establish FFS in two sites in Syria. The following activities will be done:
FFS Activities in the two pilot sites
• Two hectares pilot sites will be established in Kafar Gan village in Azaz district in Aleppo Province (as rainfed area) and Bennish village in Idlib Province (as irrigated area).
• By Farmer participatory training the farmers will get knowledge about early Planting date, Crop rotation, Weed control, Early maturing variety, Monitoring of Sunn Pest and its parasitoids.Socioeconomic studies
• Continue to collect baseline data to revise and improve the Economic Threshold.
• Conduct farmers survey.
• Analyze the results of the surveys.
• Meet the decision makers and try to convince them to change their control policies.Training
•Mr. Mohammad Abdulhai a researcher from the Agricultural Research Center will attend a one-month training course on the identification of egg parasitoids of Sunn Pest at Mostafa Kamal University in Turkey starting 31st March 2003.•It is proposed that one person from Syria will attend a one-month training coarse at the University of Vermont or CABI, UK.
Integrated Sunn Pest Management in West Asia: Socioeconomic Studies in Turkey
Dr.Aykut GÜL1, Dr.Ramazan Canhilal2, and Dr.Aden Aw-Hassan2
1Dept.of Agricultural Economics Cukurova University of Turkey Dr.Halil KÜTÜK, Adana Plant Protection Research Institute of Turkey
2ICARDA, Syria
Socioeconomic studies have an important place in IPM. When technology is developed for Sunn Pest management, it is not possible to apply it unless social aspects and economic principles are taken into consideration.In this study, dealing with spraying costs,[done in 2002] it is assumed that spraying against Sunn Pest does not cost too much to society when it is compared to production gains. But if other losses to society (i.e. economics, environmental and health issues) are taken into consideration, it can be seen that these societal aspects are very important.
Scientists from different disciplines such as policy, agricultural extension and communication, farm management, plant protection etc.were involved in various stages of the preparation of this report. It has five main sections which are Sunn Pest management policy of Turkey, cost of Sunn Pest management in Turkey, the results of institutional surveys, the results of farmer surveys on wheat production economics and the results of farmer surveys on Sunn Pest. These sections were formed according to the protocols established at the October, 2001 Sunn Pest meeting at ICARDA in Aleppo, Syria.