Dramatis Personae (not all magistrates given for any year) and Events
NOTE: Names of People who continue to drive (or be driven by) events are
given in all upper-case.
134 Coss. P. Cornelius SCIPIO AFRICANUS AEMILIANUS, C. FULVIUS
FLACCUS
Praetors include P. Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus, L. Valerius
Flaccus
Tr.mil. include P. RUTILIUS RUFUS, C. Sempronius GRACCHUS
133 Coss. P. MUCIUS SCAEVOLA (the Pontifex), L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi
Proconsul SCIPIO AEMILIANUS captured and destroyed Numantia in Spain
Tr.pl. include M. OCTAVIUS, TI. Sempronius GRACCHUS
Triumviri agris iudicandis assignandis (= people in charge of the land
commission): TI. Sempronius GRACCHUS, C. Sempronius GRACCHUS, AP. CLAUDIUS
PULCHER (princeps senatus until his death), P. Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus
(elected in place of Ti. Gracchus after the latter's death)
Gracchus proposed agrarian law, including a land commission to decide questions
of ownership and distribute public land, deposition of his colleague Octavius
for obstruction, use of funds from inheritance given to Rome by Attalus
of Pergamum. When attempting to run for re-election he was attacked in
the forum by a mob of senators, led by his cousin P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA
SERAPIO, the Pontifex Maximus.
132 Coss. P. POPILLIUS LAENAS, P. Rupilius
Proconsul SCIPIO AEMILIANUS returned to Rome and celebrated triumph for
his victory in Spain
Legates include SCIPIO NASICA SERAPIO, sent with others to organize the
new province of Asia, died in Pergamum
The consuls held an investigation of TI. GRACCHUS' supporters; subsequently,
Rupilius put an end to the slave revolt in Sicily; Aristonicus, claiming
to be the son of Attalus, incited a rebellion against Rome in Pergamum
131 Coss. P. Licinius Dives Crassus Mucianus, L. Valerius Flaccus
Censors were Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Q. Pompeius; they named
L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus princeps senatus
Licinius took command of the war against Aristonicus
130 Coss. L. Cornelius Lentulus, M. Perperna
Proconsul Licinius was defeated, captured, and killed by Aristonicus
Perperna took over command against Aristonicus, whom he captured
Praetors include L. CASSIUS LONGINUS Ravilla, L. Cornelius Cinna
Tr.pl. include C. Papirius , who asked SCIPIO AEMILIANUS his opinion of
TI. GRACCHUS
Triumviri agris iudicandis assignandis: C. Sempronius GRACCHUS, M. FULVIUS
FLACCUS, C. Papirius
129 Coss. C. Sempronius Tuditanus, M'. Aquillius
Praetors include M. Aemilius Lepidus, L. Aurelius Orestes
Legates include Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, D. Iunius Brutus Callaicus
Protests from the Italian allies over the activities of the land commission
prompted SCIPIO AEMILIANUS to sponsor their cause, but he died before he
could deliver his speech on the topic. CARBO and C. GRACCHUS were suspected
of bringing about his death, but there was never an investigation or trial.
128 Coss. Cn. Octavius, T. Annius Rufus
Praetors include P. Cornelius Lentulus, M. Fulvius FLACCUS
127 Coss. L. CASSIUS LONGINUS Ravilla, L. Cornelius Cinna
Praetors include C. Cassius Longinus, C. Sextius Calvinus
126 Coss. M. Aemilius Lepidus, L. Aurelius Orestes
Praetors include Q. Caecilius Metellus Baliaricus, T. Quinctius Flamininus,
C. Fannius, M. Licinius Crassus Agelastus
Tr.pl. include M. Iunius Pennus, who had a law passed forbidding non-citizens
from settling in Roman towns; C. CRACCHUS opposed the law
Quaestors include C. Sempronius GRACCHUS, served under consul Orestes in
Sardinia
125 Coss. M. Plautius Hypsaeus, M. Fulvius FLACCUS
FLACCUS proposed a law granting citizenship to the Italians, but he was
thwarted by being sent to help the people of Massilia against various Gallic
adversaries
Censors were Cn. Servilius Caepio and L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla; they
name P. Cornelius Lentulus princeps senatus
Praetors include Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. OPIMIUS
Orestes was Proconsul in Sardinia, and C. GRACCHUS continued as pro quaestore
124 Coss. C. Cassius Longinus, C. Sextius Calvinus
Praetors include Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus
Orestes continued as Proconsul in Sardinia, although C. GRACCHUS returned
to Rome and was questioned by the Censors because he returned before his
commander (see Plutarch's Life of Gaius Gracchus sections 2-3);
FLACCUS continued in his command at Massilia
123 Coss. Q. Caecilius Metellus Baliaricus, T. Quinctius Flamininus
Praetors include Sex. Iulius Caesar, P. Manilius, C. Papirius Carbo
Tr.pl. include M. Iunius Silanus, C. Sempronius GRACCHUS
For Gracchus' program of legislation, see Plutarch's Life of Gaius Gracchus Proconsul FLACCUS returned and celebrated a triumph for his victories
over the Gauls
122 Coss. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, C. FANNIUS
Praetors include L. Aurelius Cotta, L. Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus
Aediles include M. Aemilius SCAURUS
Tr.pl. include M'. Acilius Glabrio, M. Fulvius FLACCUS, M. Livius DRUSUS,
C. Sempronius GRACCHUS, C. Rubrius
Ahenobarbus went to Gaul and continued Rome's wars there; Fannius, elected
with the help of C. GRACCHUS, did not support his political agenda. DRUSUS
proposed an alternative program to win the support of the Roman people
away from GRACCHUS, who wanted to give citizenship to Italian allies; Rubrius
sponsored a law (lex Rubria) to found a colony at Carthage
121 Coss. L. OPIMIUS, Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus
Praetors include Q. Marcius Rex, M. Porcius Cato, C. Scribonius Curio
Tr.pl. include M. Minucius Rufus, who wanted to annul the legislation of
C. GRACCHUS
Quaestors include C. MARIUS
When GRACCHUS and FLACCUS objected to the repeal of the lex Rubria, OPIMIUS,
elected on an anti-Gracchan agenda, got the senate to pass the SCV (senatus
consultum ultimum: 'let the consul[s] see to it that the state suffer no
harm') and using this form of martial law attacked GRACCHUS and his supporters.
Many died, including C. GRACCHUS, FLACCUS, and the latter's son, who had
been sent as a negotiator and was not a combatant. Following these physical
attacks there were further arrests and trials.
120 Coss. P. Manilius, C. Papirius Carbo
Censors were Q. Caecilius Metellus Baliaricus, L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi
(afterwards called Censorius); they reappointed P. Cornelius Lentulus princeps
senatus but he left town because of unpopularity with the people
Praetors include L. Caecilius Metellus Diadematus, Q. Mucius SCAEVOLA (the
Augur)
Tr.pl. include L. Calpurnius Bestia, P. Decius
Decius accused OPIMIUS of punishing Romans without trial, but Papirius
defended him and got him acquitted
119 Coss. L. Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus, L. Aurelius Cotta
Praetors include M. Aemilius SCAURUS
Tr.pl. include C. MARIUS, who sponsored a law to narrow the passages between
voting pens, and threatened to arrest the consuls if they opposed
C. Papirius CARBO committed suicide after being condemned (for either maiestas
or repetundae) after he was prosecuted by L. Licinius CRASSUS (the orator)
118 Coss. M. Porcius Cato, Q. Marcius Rex
Praetors include M. Caecilius Metellus, P. RUTILIUS RUFUS
L. Licinius CRASSUS was one of the men who led the foundation of a colony
at Narbo in Gaul
117 Coss. L. Caecilius Metellus Diadematus, Q. Mucius SCAEVOLA (the Augur)
Praetors include C. Caecilius Metellus Caprarius, C. Porcius Cato
Quaestors include M. Aurelius Scaurus
116 Coss. C. Licinius Geta, Q. Fabius Maximus Eburnus
Praetors include Cn. Papirius Carbo
L. OPIMIUS was head of a commission of ten sent to divide Numidia between
Jugurtha and Adherbal
115 Coss. M. Aemilius SCAURUS, M. Caecilius Metellus
Censors were L. Caecilius Metellus Diadematus, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus;
they named M. Aemilius SCAURUS princeps senatus
Praetors include L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, P. Decius, M. Livius DRUSUS,
C. MARIUS
114 Coss. M'. Acilius Balbus, C. Porcius Cato
Praetors include L. Calpurnius BESTIA, P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio,
M. Papirius Carbo
Promagistrates include C. MARIUS as Proconsul (?) in Farther Spain
Three Vestal Virgins were put on trial for unchastity and two were acquitted;
the scandal continued to the next year
113 Coss. C. Caecilius Metellus Caprarius, Cn. Papirius Carbo
Praetors include M. Iunius Silanus, L. Memmius, M. Minucius Rufus, Sp.
Postumius Albinus
Tr.pl. include Sex. Peducaeus
Quaestors include M. ANTONIUS (the orator)
The tr.pl. Sex. Peducaeus proposed a plebiscite to establish a special
court to try the Vestals acquitted in the preceding year; L. CASSIUS LONGINUS
Ravilla (a 'hanging judge', whose most famous question was 'cui bono?')
was appointed special prosecutor for this court. The two Vestals were condemned
and executed
112 Coss. M. Livius DRUSUS, L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus
Praetors include Q. Caecilius Metellus NUMIDICUS, L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi,
M. Iunius Silanus
SCAURUS was sent as head of a delegation of senators to tell Jugurtha to
stop besieging Adherbal in the city of Cirta
111 Coss. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, L. Calpurnius BESTIA
Praetors include M. Aurelius Scaurus, L. Cassius Longinus, Ser. Sulpicius
Galba
Tr.pl. include C. Baebius, C. MEMMIUS, Sp. Thorius
Negotiations with Jugurtha: BESTIA, evidently bribed by Jugurtha, accepted
a surrender on easy terms; Cassius Longinus persuaded Jugurtha to visit
Rome under safe-conduct
MEMMIUS forced the senate to renew the war against Jugurtha, and he
accused BESTIA, SCAURUS, and others of accepting bribes
110 Coss. M. Minucius Rufus, Sp. Postumius Albinus
Tr.pl. include L. Annius, P. Licinius Lucullus
DRUSUS was Proconsul in Macedonia, returned to Rome to hold a triumph for
his victories
Postumius prosecuted the war against Jugurtha without effect; when he returned
to Rome to hold elections Jugurtha surrounded the army left in command
of the consul's brother A. Postumius Albinus; the latter surrendered, causing
a great scandal
109 Coss. Q. Caecilius Metellus NUMIDICUS, M. Iunius Silanus
Censors were M. Aemilius SCAURUS, M. Livius DRUSUS
Praetors include C. Atilius Serranus, Q. Lutatius CATULUS, Cn. Cornelius
Scipio, Q. Servilius Caepio
Tr.pl. include C. Mamilius Limetanus
Quaestors include L. Licinius CRASSUS, Q. Mucius SCAEVOLA (the Pontifex),
C. Servilius GLAUCIA
C. MARIUS and P. RUTILIUS RUFUS served as lieutenants under METELLUS NUMIDICUS
in the war against Jugurtha
The tribune Mamilius set up a commission to investigate misconduct in high
places, specifically, those who worked with Jugurtha against the interests
of Rome. Although SCAURUS had been under suspicion, he had himself made
one of the judges and was not put on trial. A number of people were convicted
of receiving bribes from Jugurtha and went into exile: C. Porcius Cato,
L. OPIMIUS, C. Sulpicius Galba, L. Calpurnius BESTIA, Sp. Postumius Albinus;
all of these except Galba had held the consulship
108 Coss. Ser. Sulpicius Galba, L. (or Q.) Hortensius (and later, M. Aurelius
Scaurus)
Censors were Q. Fabius Maximus Eburnus and C. Licinius Getha; they reappointed
M. Aemilius SCAURUS princeps senatus. Fabius put his son to death for unchastity,
or for some other offense.
Praetors include Cn. Mallius Maximus
METELLUS NUMIDICUS was continued in his command against Jugurtha; C. MARIUS
returned to Rome to stand for consul
107 Coss. L. Cassius Longinus, C. MARIUS
Praetors include Cn. Aufidius, C. Billienus, C. Flavius Fimbria
Tr.pl. include C. Coelius Caldus, L. Licinius CRASSUS, T. Manlius Mancinus
Quaestors include L. Cornelius SULLA
After a proposal from the tribune Manlius, MARIUS received the command
against Jugurtha
106 Coss. Q. Servilius Caepio, C. Atilius Serranus
Praetors include L. Aurelius Orestes
Tr.pl. include Q. Mucius SCAEVOLA (the Pontifex)
METELLUS NUMIDICUS celebrated a triumph over the Numidians; MARIUS prosecuted
the war against Jugurtha, and SULLA began negotiations with King Bocchus
105 Coss. P. RUTILIUS RUFUS, Cn. Mallius Maximus
Praetors include T. Albucius, L. Bellienus
Quaestors include C. Claudius Pulcher, Cn. Octavius Ruso, Cn. Servilius
Caepio
Mallius the Consul and Caepio the Proconsul suffered major defeats in Gaul
at the hands of the Cimbri and Teutoni; the dead included Mallius' two
sons and most of his army, M. Aurelius Scaurus
RUTILIUS RUFUS had all ablebodied men in Italy swear an oath of allegiance,
recruited and trained new armies using gladiator-masters as trainers
SULLA concluded negotiations with Bocchus and led Jugurtha back to
the Roman camp; MARIUS returned to Rome to celebrate a triumph
104 Coss. C. MARIUS II, C. Flavius Fimbria
Praetors include M'. Aquillius, T. Flaminius, L. Licinius Lucullus, P.
Licinius Nerva, C. MEMMIUS
Tr.pl. include L. Cassius Longinus, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. Marcius
PHILIPPUS
Quaestors include L. Appuleius SATURNINUS, Cn. POMPEIUS STRABO
MARIUS given the command in Gaul, SULLA served under him
M Aemilius SCAURUS put in charge of grain supply at Ostia after the
task was taken away from SATURNINUS
103 Coss. C. MARIUS III, L. Aurelius Orestes
Praetors include GLAUCIA, L. Valerius Flaccus
Tr.pl. include L. Appuleius SATURNINUS, L. Aurelius Cotta, M. Baebius,
T. Didius, C. Norbanus
MARIUS continued army training and operations in Gaul, with SULLA as a
lieutenant
SATURNINUS passed bills to get land in Africa for MARIUS' veterans;
when Baebius tried to stop him, he was driven violently from the forum
Norbanus prosecuted Caepio for losing his army in Gaul; during ensuing
riotous conditions the tribunes Didius and Aurelius were driven from the
forum and SCAURUS was hit on the head with a stone; Caepio went into exile
102 Coss. C. MARIUS IV, Q. Lutatius CATULUS
Censors were Q. Caecilius METELLUS NUMIDICUS, C. Caeciliuis Metellus Caprarius;
METELLUS NUMIDICUS tried to expel SATURNINUS and GLAUCIA from the senate;
censors reappointed M. Aemilius SCAURUS princeps senatus
Praetors include M. Antonius Creticus, M. Marius, A. Postumius Albinus,
C. Servilius
Aediles include P. Licinius Crassus Dives
Tr.pl. include A. Pompeius
Quaestors include M. Livius DRUSUS, L. Veturius Philo, C. Norbanus
MARIUS won two victories at Aquae Sextiae in Gaul and went to N. Italy
to reinforce his colleague CATULUS, who lost a battle and had to retreat
The praetor Antonius campaigned against the Cilician pirates
101 Coss. C. MARIUS V, M'. Aquillius
Praetors include Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos, T. Didius, L. Licinius Murena
Tr.pl. include C. Servilius GLAUCIA, L. Appuleius SATURNINUS
Quaestors include C. Fundanius, A. Gabinius
MARIUS and the Proconsul CATULUS were victorious over the Cimbri in N.
Italy and celebrated a joint triumph
During elections for tribune, Nonius was elected but murdered and SATURNINUS
was elected in his stead
100 Coss. C. MARIUS VI, L. Valerius Flaccus
Praetors include L. Cornelius Dolabella, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, P. Licinius
Crassus, C. Servilius GLAUCIA
Aediles include L. Licinius CRASSUS, Q. Mucius SCAEVOLA
Tr.pl. include L. Appuleius SATURNINUS
Quaestors include L. Cornelius Lentulus, L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus,
Q. Servilius Caepio
Legislation of SATURNINUS, exile of METELLUS NUMIDICUS, who refused to
swear to uphold it
Murder of C. MEMMIUS at consular elections, senate's passage of SCV;
riots and death of SATURNINUS and GLAUCIA
99 Coss. M. ANTONIUS, A. Postumus Albinus
Praetors include C. Cassius Longinus, C. Coelius Caldus, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus
Aediles include C. Claudius Pulcher, L. VALERIUS FLACCUS
Tr.pl. include L. Appuleius SATURNINUS, L. Equitius, P. Furius, Q. Pompeius
Rufus, M. Porcius Cato, Sex. Titius [NB: office year for some magistrates
started in early December of the preceding calendar year]
Quaestors include Ap. Claudius Pulcher, T. Mallius, C. Saufeius
SATURNINUS and Equitius were killed their first day in ofice (10 December
100), as was the Quaestor Saufeius
The Tribunes Rufus and Cato proposed a bill to recall METELLUS NUMIDICUS
from exile, it was vetoed by Furius, with support of MARIUS, who was still
consul in December 100
98 Coss. Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos, T. Didius
Praetors include L. Licinius CRASSUS, Q. Mucius SCAEVOLA
Tr.pl. include C. Appuleius Decianus, Q. Calidius, C. Canuleius, P. Servilius
Vatia Isauricus
METELLUS NUMIDICUS returned from exile by virtue of a law proposed by the
Tribune Calidius
97 Coss. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, P. Licinius Crassus
Censors were L. Valerius Flaccus, M. ANTONIUS; they reappointed M. Aemilius
SCAURUS princeps senatus
Praetors include L. Domitius Ahenobarbus
Tr.pl. include M. Duronius
Military tribunes include Q. SERTORIUS
C. MARIUS, P. RUTILIUS RUFUS, and Q. Mucius SCAEVOLA were abroad during
the year, MARIUS in Asia Minor to repay a vow, SCAEVOLA as Proconsul of
Asia with RUTILIUS RUFUS as his legate. The administration of these two
men was so honest that they earned the hatred of the tax farmers, who prosecuted
RUTILIUS RUFUS on a false charge of extortion. He lived the rest of his
life in exile among the people he had supposedly cheated.
96 Coss. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, C. Cassius Longinus
Praetors include M. Herennius, L. Marcius PHILIPPUS, L. Sempronius Asellio,
C. Valerius Flaccus
Aediles include L. Gellius Poplicola
Quaestors include C. Iulius CAESAR STRABO
95 Coss. L. Licinius CRASSUS, Q. Mucius SCAEVOLA
Praetors include L. Aurelius Cotta, C. Claudius Pulcher, L. Iulius Caesar,
M. Perperna
The consuls sponsored a law requiring Italians who lived at Rome but were
not citizens to return to their native towns
94 Coss. C. Coelius Caldus, L. Domitius Ahenobarbus
Praetors include L. Gellius Poplicola, Sex. Iulius Caesar, C. Sentius
Aediles include M. Livius DRUSUS, and Remmius (possible author of a lex
Remmia on false accusation)
Aediles include M. Porcius Cato
Quaestors include L. Manlius Torquatus, M. Sergius Silus
Norbanus was prosecuted for his prosecution of Caepio, defended by ANTONIUS,
he was acquitted
93 Coss. C. Valerius Flaccus, M. Herennius
Praetors include P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, L. Cornelius SULLA, P. Rutilius
Lupus, L. VALERIUS FLACCUS
92 Coss. C. Claudius Pulcher, M. Perperna
Censors were Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. Licinius CRASSUS; they issued
an edict against Latin rhetors, quarreled with each other, and reappointed
M. Aemilius SCAURUS princeps senatus
Praetors include C. Iulius Caesar, Cn. POMPEIUS STRABO, L. Porcius
Cato, M. Porcius Cato, C. Sextius Calvinus
Tr.pl. include Cn. Papirius CARBO
91 Coss. L. Marcius PHILIPPUS, Sex. Iulius Caesar
Praetors include L. Lucilius, Cn. Octavius, C. Perperna, Q. Pompeius Rufus,
Q. Servilius, Ser. Sulpicius Galba
Aediles include M. Claudius Marcellus, Ap. Claudius Pulcher
Tr.pl. include M. Livius DRUSUS
DRUSUS wished to extend citizenship to Italians; murdered
90 Beginning of Italian (Social) (Marsic) War; Coss. L. Iulius Caesar, P.
Rutilius
Lupus
Praetors include L. Cornelius CINNA, L. Cornelius Merula, Cn. OCTAVIUS
Tr.pl. include Q. Caecilius METELLUS CELER
Quaestors include Q. SERTORIUS
Caesar won a battle in Samnium, passed Lex Iulia on citizenship
L. Cornelius SULLA Felix, P. Licinius Crassus served under Caesar
Rutilius fought with untrained troops, killed 11 June
C. MARIUS, C. Perperna, Cn. POMPEIUS STRABO served under Rutilius
Tr. pl. include: C. Papirius Carbo & M. Plautius Silvanus
Lex Plautia-Papiria on citizenship, sponsored by these two tribunes of
people
POMPEIUS captured Asculum late in year, fought in central Italy; celebrated
triumph but didn't take booty to treasury
Lex Pompeia on citizenship
L. Cornelius CINNA served under him
Legate SULLA campaigned successfully in Samnium
88 Coss. L. Cornelius SULLA, Q. Pompeius Rufus
Praetors include Q. Ancharius, M. Iunius Brutus, L. Licinius Murena, C.
Norbanus
Aediles include Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer
Tr.pl. include P. SULPICIUS, P. Antistius
King Mithradates of Pontus took over Roman province of Asia; massacred
Italians
SULPICIUS expelled consuls by force and passed legislation:
giving command against Mithradates to Marius, and
enrolling Italians in all 35 tribes
SULPICIUS killed by orders of both consuls when they returned
with army
Pompeius Rufus helped Sulla expel SULPICIUS and occupy Rome
Pompeius Rufus killed after taking over consular army from POMPEIUS STRABO,who
incited a mutiny and then resumed command
C. MARIUS fled to Africa after SULLA took over Rome
87 Coss. Cn. OCTAVIUS, L. Cornelius CINNA and L. Cornelius Merula
Tr.pl. include Sex. Lucilius, M. Marius Gratidianus, M. Vergilius
Quaestors include M. Claudius Marcellus, L. Licinius LUCULLUS (on campaign
with SULLA)
CINNA, after departure of SULLA, supported legislation to enroll Italians
in all tribes, and to recall Marius and other exiles; driven out by
OCTAVIUS, who had L. Cornelius Merula, the flamen Dialis, elected consul
in place of CINNA
CINNA, MARIUS, SERTORIUS and others gathered an army, took over Rome,
killed Octavius and put Merula on trial.
Merula abdicated consulship, priesthood and committed suicide.
METELLUS PIUS, Proconsul, retreated to Africa after CINNA regained
control of Rome
CINNA et al. killed many political enemies, including ANTONIUS the
orator and Q. Lutatius CATULUS
They had senate declare SULLA an enemy
SULLA meanwhile was besieging Athens (Mithradates had taken over
Greece)
86 Coss. L. Cornelius CINNA, C. MARIUS, and L. Valerius Flaccus
Censors L. Marcius PHILIPPUS, M. PERPERNA
MARIUS died early in the year, succeeded by Flaccus in February
Flaccus sent to Asia with another army vs. Mithradates
He was killed in 85 by his legate C. Flavius FIMBRIA, who took over
his army
[note: Fimbria was not working for Sulla, he just didn't like
Flaccus]
85 Coss. L. Cornelius CINNA, Cn. Papirius CARBO
Quaestors include M. Terentius VARRO
FIMBRIA committed suicide after his army deserted to SULLA
SULLA made peace with Mithradates, "settled" with province of Asia
Senate offered Sulla amnesty
84 Coss. Cn. Papirius CARBO, L. Cornelius CINNA
Quaestors include C. VERRES
CINNA killed early in year by mutinous army
SULLA ready to return under terms of amnesty for himself and associates
When he learnt of CINNA's death, he decided to attack [because
if Italy was without a leader he needn't compromise]; left Asia,
with army, for Italy
83 Coss. L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, C. Norbanus
Praetors include Q. SERTORIUS, who went to Spain as Marian governor
Legates include L. Iunius BRUTUS DAMASIPPUS, M. Licinius CRASSUS Dives
Roman government lacking a capable leader; opportunists supported SULLA:
METELLUS PIUS (exiled/hiding in Africa), Cn. POMPEIUS MAGNUS
(POMPEY) (in Picenum), M. CRASSUS (hiding in Spain)
"Home government" (= Marians) joined by Samnites, Etruscans
SULLA returned to Italy, took over Scipio's army but released Scipio
SULLA's forces overwhelmed most opposition outside of Rome
82 Coss. C. Marius (son of MARIUS), Cn. Papirius CARBO
Dictator L. Cornelus SULLA Felix, Master of Horse L. Valerius Flaccus
Praetors include L. Iunius BRUTUS DAMASIPPUS, M. PERPERNA
Legates include L. Sergius CATILINA (served under SULLA)
BRUTUS, on Marius' orders, killed Mucius Scaevola Pontifex and others at
Rome; joined CARBO and was killed after Battle of Colline Gate
Marius (aged 26) defeated by SULLA and killed
Battle of Colline Gate (1 November): CRASSUS won this for SULLA
CARBO escaped to Africa where he was killed by POMPEY
81 Coss. M. Tullius Decula, Cn. Cornelius Dolabella
Dictator L. Cornelius SULLA Felix, Master of Horse L. Valerius Flaccus
Quaestors include P. Cornelius LENTULUS SURA
SERTORIUS forced out of Spain, invited back by Spaniards
POMPEY recovered Africa, Sicily for SULLA, celebrated a triumph
Proscriptions
Reform of the courts, establishing seven Quaestiones perpetuae (standing
courts), viz.:
Quaestio de repetundis ("things to be asked back": extortion)
Quaestio de sicariis et veneficis ("knife-men and poisoners":
murder and poisoning)
Quaestio de falsis (forgery)
Quaestio de peculatu (peculation: stealing from public funds)
Quaestio de ambitu ("going around": electoral bribery)
Quaestio de vi ("violence": assault)
Quaestio de maiestate ("majesty": treason)
80 Coss. L. Cornelius SULLA Felix, Q. Caecilius METELLUS PIUS
Dictator L. Cornelius SULLA Felix, Master of Horse L. Valerius Flaccus
SERTORIUS set up government of exiles in Spain
METELLUS PIUS sent to Spain to dislodge SERTORIUS
79 Coss. P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus, Ap. Claudius Pulcher
Dictator L. Cornelius SULLA Felix, Master of Horse L. Valerius Flaccus
Aediles include L. Licinius LUCULLUS, M. Terentius Varro Lucullus
SERTORIUS won a great battle in Spain
SULLA resigned dictatorship, retired from public life [Sulla may have
resigned dictatorship in 80; there is no scholarly agreement]
78 Coss. M. Aemilius LEPIDUS, Q. Lutatius CATULUS
Praetors include L. Licinius LUCULLUS
SULLA died (natural causes)
Rebellion in Etruria fostered by LEPIDUS
Supporters include M. IUNIUS BRUTUS, M. PERPERNA (not C. CAESAR)
P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus began successful campaign in Cilicia vs.
pirates
77 Coss. D. Iunius Brutus, Mam. Aemilius Lepidus Livianus
LEPIDUS marched on Rome
PHILIPPUS (ex-Marian, major tergiversator) aroused Senate: SCV
CATULUS defeated LEPIDUS at Milvian Bridge
POMPEY defeated BRUTUS at Mutina, kills BRUTUS
Pompey "requests" command in Spain
PHILIPPUS supported request (non pro consule sed pro consulibus); Senate
acceded
LEPIDUS escaped to Sardinia, died there
M. PERPERNA with 20,000 men joined SERTORIUS in Spain
76 Coss. Cn. Octavius, C. Scribonius Curio
SERTORIUS prevented POMPEY from crossing Ebro, made treaty with
MITHRADATES
75 Coss. L. Octavius, C. Aurelius Cotta
Aediles include Q. HORTENSIUS Hortalus
Quaestors include M. Tullius CICERO
Cotta sponsored law to allow tr.pl. to hold other offices
MITHRADATES invaded Bithynia
METELLUS & POMPEY fought drawn battle vs SERTORIUS near Saguntum
74 Coss. L. Licinius LUCULLUS, M. Aurelius Cotta
Praetors include M. Antonius Creticus, Q., Caecilius Metellus Creticus,
P. Cornelius LENTULUS SURA, C. VERRES
LUCULLUS given command vs. MITHRADATES
M. Antonius Creticus given command vs. pirates
73 Coss. M. Terentius Varro Lucullus, C. Cassius Longinus
Praetors include M. Licinius CRASSUS Dives
Slave rebellion under SPARTACUS
72 Coss. L. Gellius Publicola, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus
Praetors include Q. HORTENSIUS Hortalus
SERTORIUS murdered by group headed by M. PERPERNA
LUCULLUS drove MITHRADATES from Pontus
CRASSUS made proconsul, given command vs. SPARTACUS
71 Coss. P. LENTULUS SURA, Cn. Aufidius Orestes
M. PERPERNA defeated and killed by POMPEY
CRASSUS defeated SPARTACUS
POMPEY returned from Spain
70 Coss. Cn. POMPEIUS MAGNUS, M. Licinius CRASSUS
Censors Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, L. Gellius Publicola
Consular legislation to support tr. pl.
Prosecution of VERRES by CICERO
Praetors include M'. Aemilius Lepidus, M. Caecilius Metellus
Aediles include M. Tullius CICERO
Quaestors include C. Iulius CAESAR
68 Coss. L. Caecilius Metellus, Q. Marcius Rex
Praetors include L. Sergius CATILINA, Sextilius (captured by pirates)
Tr. pl. include C. Antonius Hybrida, Q. Caecilius Metellus (Celer or Nepos)
Quaestors include Q. Tullius Cicero
Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus sent to Crete vs. pirates
Cilicia taken from LUCULLUS and given to Q. Marcius Rex
67 Coss. C. Calpurnius Piso, M'. Acilius Glabrio
Tr. pl. include A. Gabinius
Bithynia and Pontus taken from LUCULLUS and given to M'. Acilius Glabrio
Gabinius proposed law to give command vs. pirates to POMPEY
POMPEY waged successful war against pirates
66 Coss. M'. Aemilius Lepidus, L. Volcatius Tullus
Praetors include C. Antonius Hybrida, M. Tullius CICERO
Quaestors include L. Domitius Ahenobarbus
Tr. pl. include C. Manilius
M'. Acilius Glabrio as Proconsul in Bithynia and Pontus, superseded by
POMPEY under the Manilian law
L. Licinius LUCULLUS as Proconsul remained in Pontus until arrival
of POMPEY, then returned to Rome; did not celebrate his triumph until 63
because of political opposition
Q. Marcius Rex as Proconsul retained Cilicia until superseded by POMPEY
POMPEY as Proconsul, in accordance with Manilian law, undertook war
against Mithradates and Tigranes, made an alliance with the Parthians,
defeated Mithradates and expelled him from Pontus, received the surrender
of Armenia
L. Sergius CATILINA was Propraetor in Africa; motions to try him for
extortion (repetundae) began even before he left his province
65 Coss. L. Aurelius Cotta, L. Manlius Torquatus
Consuls designate were P. Cornelius Sulla and P. Autronius Paetus (see
below)
Censors were Q. Lutatius CATULUS and M. Licinius CRASSUS Dives
Praetors include L. Licinius Murena, Ser. Sulpicius Rufus
Aediles include M. Calpurnius BIBULUS, C. Iulius CAESAR, Q. Tullius Cicero
The consuls designate were convicted of bribery (during their election)
and new elections were held
The censors, at odds with each other over the question of citizenship
for the Transpadanes (= those across the Po; inhabitants of northern Italy)
and whether to make Egypt a province, both abdicated without completing
the census
CAESAR's games, given as Aedile, were so magnificent that he won great
popularity; their cost landed him in enormous debt; he also restored the
statues of MARIUS
POMPEY as Proconsul entered into a dispute between Tigranes of Armenia
and Phraates of Parthia; began reorganization of Bithynia and Pontus
Q. Caecilius METELLUS NEPOS served as a legate under POMPEY
64 Coss. L. Iulius Caesar, C. Marcius Figulus
One Censor was L. Aurelius Cotta, the name of the other is unknown; both
abdicated after tribunician obstruction
Aediles include L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus
Quaestors include M. Claudius MARCELLUS, M. Porcius CATO
POMPEY continued as Proconsul in the East
63 Coss. M. Tullius Cicero, C. Antonius Hybrida
Praetors include Q. Caecilius METELLUS CELER, P. Cornelius LENTULUS SURA
(consul in 71)
Aediles include P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther
Tr. pl. include T. Labienus, P. Servilius Rullus
Quaestors include P. Sestius, P. Vatinius
CAESAR was elected Pontifex Maximus to replace Q. Caecilius METELLUS PIUS,
who died this year
LENTULUS SURA, after resigning his office, was executed with other
conspirators
Rullus proposed an agrarian bill which Cicero persuaded the people
to vote down
Labienus, at the instigation of CAESAR, instituted a trial of Rabirius
for treason (for his role in the killing of Saturninus and Glaucia almost
40 years before)
62 Coss. D. Iunius Silanus, L. Licinius Murena
Praetors include M. Calpurnius BIBULUS, C. Iulius CAESAR, Q. Tullius Cicero
Tr. pl. include Q. Caecilius METELLUS NEPOS, M. Porcius CATO
Quaestors include M. Iuventius Laterensis
NEPOS attacked Cicero's actions as consul and tried to have Pompey called
to Italy to deal with the Catilinarian conspirators; CATO blocked his efforts
M. Antonius Hybrida as Proconsul avoided the battle with the Catilinarians,
alleging an attack of gout, then proceed to his province of Macedonia where
he lost two battles and extorted vast sums from the provincials
POMPEY returned to Italy by the end of the year and disbanded his army
Bona Dea scandal
61 Coss. M. Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus, M. Valerius Messalla Niger
Praetors include A. Gabinius, C. Octavius (father of the future emperor
Augustus)
Aediles include L. Domitius Ahenobarbus
Quaestors include P. Clodius Pulcher
CAESAR as Proconsul in Further Spain waged war successfully, earned enough
money to pay his debts
POMPEY as Proconsul celebrated a magnificent triumph
Q. Tullius Cicero was Proconsul in Asia
Death of Q. Lutatius CATULUS, who was succeeded as a Pontifex by Crassus
60 Coss. Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer, L. Afranius
Praetors include Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus,
P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther
Aediles include P. Licinius Crassus Dives
Quaestors include P. Clodius Pulcher, P. Servilius Isauricus, C. Trebonius
59 Coss. C. Iulius Caesar, M. Calpurnius Bibulus
Praetors include Q. Fufius Calenus
Tr. pl. include Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica (METELLUS SCIPIO),
C. Fannius, P. Vatinius, Cn. Domitius Calvinus, Q. Ancharius
Quaestors include L. Aemilius Paullus
The tribune Vatinius was the chief supporter of the alliance of Caesar,
Crassus, and Pompey; Fannius, Domitius Calvinus, and Q. Ancharius were
the three tribunes opposed
58 Coss. L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, A. Gabinius
Praetors include L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus, L. Domitius Ahenobarbus
Aediles include M. Aemilius Scaurus, P. Plautius Hypsaeus
Tr. pl. include L. Antistius, P. Clodius Pulcher, Q. Terentius Culleo
Cicero was exiled
CAESAR was Proconsul of Transalpine Gaul, Cisalpine Gaul, and Illyricum
CATO as Quaestor pro praetore annexed Cyprus
Q. Tullius Cicero returned from Asia in May
57 Coss. P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos
Praetors include Ap. Claudius Pulcher, P. Licinius Crassus Dives
Aediles include Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica, Q. Fabius Maximus
Tr pl. include T. Annius Milo, P. Sestius
The consul Lentulus Spinther and tribunes Milo and Sestius were most actively
involved in Cicero's recall
56 Coss. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, L. Marcius Philippus
Praetors include M. Aemilius Scaurus, Cn. Domitius Calvinus
Aediles include P. Clodius Pulcher, M. (or C.) Claudius Marcellus
Tr. pl. include C. Porcius Cato, P. Rutilius Lupus
55 Coss. Cn. Pompeius Magnus, M. Licinius Crassus Dives
Censors were M. Valerius Messalla Niger, P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus
Praetors include T. Annius Milo, Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica,
P. Vatinius
Aediles include L. Aemilius Paullus
Tr. pl. include C. Ateius Capito, C. Trebonius
Quaestors include P. Licinius Crassus, C. Sallustius Crispus (the historian)
54 Coss. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Ap. Claudius Pulcher
Praetors include M. Claudius Marcellus, M. Porcius Cato, P. Servilius Isauricus
Tr. pl. include D. Laelius, C. Memmius, Q. Mucius Scaevola
Quaestors include Faustus Cornelius Sulla, M. Licinius Crassus (son of
the triumvir), C. Scribonius Curio
53 Coss. Cn. Domitius Calvinus, M. Valerius Messalla Rufus
Praetors include L. Aemilius Paullus, P. Attius Varus, C. Claudius Marcellus
Aediles include M. Aemilius Lepidus
Tr. pl. include P. Licinius Crassus Dives Iunianus
Quaestors include C. CASSIUS Longinus, M. Iunius BRUTUS
Interreges were Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica and M. Valerius
Messalla Niger
52 Coss. Cn. Pompeius Magnus and (later) Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio
Nasica
Praetors include C. Claudius Marcellus
Tr. pl. include M. Caelius Rufus, C. Sallustius Crispus
Quaestors include M. ANTONIUS, L. Caecilius Metellus, Q. Cassius Longinus
Interreges were M. Aemilius Lepidus, Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, M. Valerius
Messalla Niger
51 Coss. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, M. Claudius Marcellus
Praetors include M. Iuventius Laterensis
Tr. pl. include C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus, L. Vinicius
Quaestors include C. Antonius
50 Coss. L. Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, C. Claudius Marcellus
Censors were Ap. Claudius Pulcher, L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus
Praetors include L. Scriboniius Libo, M. Livius Drusus Claudianus
Aediles include M. Caelius Rufus
Tr. pl. include C. Scribonius Curio
Quaestors include L. Antonius
49 Coss. C. Claudius Marcellus, L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus
Dictator was C. Iulius CAESAR
Praetors include M. Aemilius LEPIDUS, L. Manlius Torquatus
Aediles include C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus
Tr. pl. include M. ANTONIUS, L. Caecilius Metellus, C. Cassius Longinus,
Q. Cassius Longinus, L. Marcius Philippus
Quaestors include Sex. Quinctilius Varus
48 Coss. C. Iulius CAESAR, P. Servilius Isauricus
Dictator was C. Iulius CAESAR; Master of Horse was M. ANTONIUS
Praetors include M. Caelius Rufus, Q. Fabius Maximus, Q. Marcius Philippus,
Q. Pedius, C. Trebonius, C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus
Tr. pl. include A. Hirtius
Quaestors include M. Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus, Ti. Claudius Nero,
P. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, Q. Cornificius, C. Sallustius Crispus
(iterum)
47 Coss. Q. Fufius Calenus, P. Vatinius
Dictator was C. Iulius CAESAR; Master of Horse was M. ANTONIUS
Tr. pl. include C. Asinius POLLIO, P. Cornelius Dolabella
46 Coss. C. Iulius CAESAR, M. Aemilius LEPIDUS
Dictator was C. Iulius CAESAR; Master of Horse was M. Aemilius LEPIDUS
Praetors include A. Hirtius, C. Sallustius Crispus
45 Coss. C. Iulius CAESAR (alone; abdicated in October); Coss. suffecti
Q. Fabius Maximus, C. Trebonius, C. Caninius Rebilus
Dictator was C. Iulius CAESAR; Master of Horse was M. Aemilius LEPIDUS
Praetors include C. Asinius POLLIO, Q. Cornificius, Q. Hortensius, D. Iunius
Brutus Albinus, L. Munatius Plancus
44 Coss. C. Iulius CAESAR, M. ANTONIUS; Cos. suffectus P. Cornelius Dolabella
Dictator was C. Iulius CAESAR; Master of Horse was M. Aemilius LEPIDUS
Praetors include C. Antonius, C. CASSIUS Longinus, L. Cornelius Cinna,
L. Cornelius Lentulus, M. Iunius BRUTUS, L. Marcius Philippus
Tr. pl. include L. Antonius, C. Helvius Cinna, C. Servilius Casca
43 Coss. C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus, A. Hirtius; Coss. suffecti C. Iulius
Caesar (OCTAVIAN), Q. Pedius, C. Carrinas, P. Ventidius Bassus
Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae: M. Aemilius LEPIDUS, M. ANTONIUS,
C. Iulius Caesar (OCTAVIAN)
Tr. pl. include M. Vipsanius AGRIPPA
42 Coss. M. Aemilius LEPIDUS, L. Munatius PLANCUS
Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae: M. Aemilius LEPIDUS, M. ANTONIUS,
C. Iulius Caesar (OCTAVIAN)
Censors: C. Antonius Hybrida, P. Sulpicius Rufus
Praetors include Ti. Claudius Nero
Proconsuls include M. ANTONIUS, C. CASSIUS Longinus, Q. Cornificius, Cn.
Domitius Ahenobarbus, Q. Fufius Calenus, Q. Hortensius, M. Iunius BRUTUS,
Sex. POMPEIUS Magnus Pius
Legates include L. Aemilius Paullus, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Q.
Salvidienus Rufus Salvius
Tribunes of the Soldiers include Q. Horatius Flaccus (HORACE) (the
poet)
Prefects include M. Tullius Cicero
41 Coss. L. Antonius, P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus
Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae: M. Aemilius LEPIDUS, M. ANTONIUS,
Imp. Caesar Divi f. (OCTAVIAN)
Promagistrates include C. Asinius POLLIO, Ti. Claudius Nero, M. Cocceius
Nerva, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Q. Fufius Calenus, L. Munatius Plancus,
Sex. POMPEIUS Magnus Pius, Q. Salvidienus Rufus Salvius, M. Vipsanius
AGRIPPA
Prefects include C. Cornelius GALLUS (the poet)
40 Coss. Cn. Domitius Calvinus, C. Asinius POLLIO; L. Cornelius Balbus,
P. Canidius Crassus
Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae: M. Aemilius LEPIDUS, M. ANTONIUS,
Imp. Caesar Divi f. (OCTAVIAN)
Praetors include M. Vipsanius AGRIPPA
Promagistrates include L. Antonius, C. Asinius POLLIO, Ti. Claudius
Nero, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Q. Fufius Calenus, L. Munatius PLANCUS,
Sex. POMPEIUS Magnus Pius, Q. Salvidienus Rufus Salvius, M. Vipsanius
AGRIPPA
39 Coss. L. Marcius Censorinus, C. Calvisius Sabinus; C. Cocceius Balbus,
P. Alfenus Varus
Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae: M. Aemilius LEPIDUS, M. ANTONIUS,
Imp. Caesar Divi f. (OCTAVIAN)
Promagistrates include: C. Asinius POLLIO, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus,
L. Munatius PLANCUS, Sex. POMPEIUS Magnus Pius
38 Coss. Ap. Claudius Pulcher, C. Norbanus Flaccus; L. Cornelius Lentulus,
L. Marcius Philippus
Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae: M. Aemilius LEPIDUS, M. ANTONIUS,
Imp. Caesar Divi f. (OCTAVIAN)
Promagistrates include: M. Cocceius Nerva, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L.
Munatius PLANCUS, Sex. POMPEIUS Magnus Pius, M. Vipsanius AGRIPPA
Legates include C. MAECENAS
37 Coss. M. Vipsanius AGRIPPA, L. Caninius Gallus; T. Statilius
Taurus
Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae: M. Aemilius LEPIDUS, M. ANTONIUS,
Imp. Caesar Divi f. (OCTAVIAN)
Promagistrates include: Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, M. Licinius Crassus,
Sex. POMPEIUS Magnus Pius
36 Coss. L. Gellius Publicola, M. Cocceius Nerva; L. Nonius Asprenas
Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae: M. Aemilius LEPIDUS, M. ANTONIUS,
Imp. Caesar Divi f. (OCTAVIAN)
Promagistrates include: Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Cn. Domitius
Ahenobarbus,Sex. POMPEIUS Magnus Pius, T. Statilius Taurus, M. Vipsanius
AGRIPPA
35 Coss. Sex. Pompeius, L. Cornificius; P. Cornelius Scipio, T.
Peducaeus
Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae: M. ANTONIUS, Imp. Caesar Divi f.
(OCTAVIAN)
Promagistrates include: Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, M. Licinius Crassus, L.
Marcius Philippus, L. Munatius PLANCUS, C. Norbanus Flaccus, Sex. POMPEIUS
Magnus Pius, T. Statilius Taurus, M. Vipsanius AGRIPPA
34 Coss. M. Antonius L. Scribonius Libo; L. Sempronius Atratinus, Paullus
Aemilius Lepidus, C. Memmius, M. Herennius
Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae: M. ANTONIUS, Imp. Caesar Divi f.
(OCTAVIAN)
Promagistrates include: Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, M.
Iunius Silanus, L. Marcius Philippus, C. Norbanus Flaccus, T. Statilius
Taurus, M. Vipsanius AGRIPPA
33 Coss. Imp. Caesar Divi f. (OCTAVIAN), L. Volcatius Tullus; L. Antonius
Paetus, L. Flavius, C. Fonteius Capito, M. Acilius Glabrio, L. Vinicius,
Q. Laronius
Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae: M. ANTONIUS, Imp. Caesar Divi f.
(OCTAVIAN)
Aediles include M. Vipsanius AGRIPPA
Promagistrates include: Ap. Claudius Pulcher, M. Iunius Silanus, L.
Marcius Philippus, T. Statilius Taurus
32 Coss. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, C. Sosius; L. Cornelius Cinna, M.
Valerius Messalla
Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae: M. ANTONIUS, Imp. Caesar Divi f.
(OCTAVIAN)
Praetors include M. Valerius Messalla Potitus
Tr. pl. include M. Nonius Balbus
Promagistrates include: Ap. Claudius Pulcher, L. Cornificius, M.
Iunius Silanus, T. Statilius Taurus, M. Vipsanius AGRIPPA
31 Coss. M. Antonius, Imp. Caesar Divi f.; M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus,
M. Titius, Cn. Pompeius
Promagistrates include: Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. Gellius Publicola, T.
Statilius Taurus, M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, M. Vipsanius AGRIPPA